A Master of Science (Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated M.Sc., Sc.M., M.S., Mag., Mg., Ma. or S.M.) is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in a large number of countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences and occasionally in the social sciences.
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Argentina
In Argentina, the Master of Science or Magister is a postgraduate degree of two to four years of duration. The admission to a Master program in an Argentine University requires the full completion of an undergraduate degree, as well Licentiate's degree as Professorate degree of four to five years long from any recognized university. Under the accomplishment of the Magister Scietiæ thesis dissertation, that in years of formal education is generally equivalent to a Ph.D. or Doctorate in universities of North America or Europe given the Bologna comparison system among academic programs.
India
In India National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and research also offering the M.S.(Pharm) degree for the pharmacy student after completion of the 4 years Bachelor degree program form the pharmacy background.
Germany
The Master of Science (M.Sc.) academic degree has been recently introduced in Germany, as the once common Diploma programs typically lasting five to seven years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor and two-year master programs. It is awarded in the natural sciences, mathematics and computer science fields, and depending on the focus of studies also in engineering or economics. The completion of a scientific thesis is required. All Master's degrees in Germany are designed to certify an equal level of education and qualify for a doctorate program.
The degree Master of Science is often awarded in English form, but institutions can alternatively award it in the German form, Magister der Wissenschaften. The graduate needs to use it as awarded and cannot choose which form to use.
Netherlands
Similar to Germany, a graduate who is awarded the title Master of Science may still use the previously awarded Dutch title ingenieur (for graduates who followed a technical or agricultural program), meester (for graduates who followed a law program) or doctorandus (in all other cases).
Norway
Similar to Germany, except no Norwegian award form.
Poland
The Polish equivalent of Master of Science is "magister" (abbreviation "mgr", placed before one's name, like Dr). In the 1990s, the MSc programs typically lasting 5 years were replaced by separate 3-year bachelor programs (termed "licencjat") and 2-year master programs. The degree is awarded mostly in the natural sciences, mathematics and computer science fields, and economics, but also in the arts and other disciplines. In engineering and agricultural sciences, it is extended to "mgr inż." (which literally means "master engineer"). The completion of a research thesis is required. All Master's degrees in Poland qualify for a doctorate program.
Sweden
The Master of Science academic degree has, like in Germany, recently been introduced in Sweden. Students studying Master of Science in Engineering programs are rewarded both the English Master of Science Degree, but also the Swedish equivalent "Civilingenjörsexamen".
United Kingdom and Ireland
The MSc is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a short project. Taught master’s programs involve 1 or 2 years of full-time study (or the equivalent period part-time). Some universities also offer research MSc programs, where a longer project or set of projects is undertaken full-time.
Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master’s degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honors degree). Nowadays however, master’s degrees are normally classified into the categories of Pass and Distinction, with some universities also using an intermediate Merit category.
The Master of Science degree should not be confused with the more recent MSci, or Master in Science degree, now offered by UK institutions. This is an extended undergraduate degree, with honors awarded, and is intended to better prepare students for postgraduate study. Many research universities are now demanding MSci degrees for entry to Ph.D. research programs.
This education pattern in United Kingdom is also followed in Hong Kong SAR and in many Commonwealth Nations such as Malta, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
United States
The Master of Arts (Magister Artium) and Master of Science (Magister Scientiæ) degrees are the two primary types in most subjects and may be entirely course-based, entirely research-based or (more typically) a mixture.
Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a bachelor's degree, and progressing to a doctoral program may require a master's degree. In some fields or graduate programs, work on a doctorate can begin immediately after the bachelor’s degree. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's degree after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, and due to the flexibility of word order in Latin, Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM) may be used at some schools.